Financial Intermediation and Economic Development in Nigeria

Abstract Financial intermediation is an important activity in the economy because it allows funds to be channeled from people who might otherwise not put them to productive use to people who will ultimately put the funds to productive uses. In line with the assumption that banking sector plays an important role in financing the investment projects, successive governments in Nigeria have carried out reforms and institutional innovations in the banking sector. The overall intention of these reforms has been to ensure financial stability so as to influence the growth of the economy and also enhance banks to play a critical role of financial intermediation in Nigeria. However, despite the fact that Nigerian banks have undergone series of†¦show more content†¦The efficiency and effectiveness of financial intermediation in any economy depend critically on the level of development of the country’s financial system. In effect, the underdeveloped nature of the financial system in most developing countries accounts largely for the relative inefficiency of financial intermediation in those economies. In these countries the financial system is dominated by banks, which are typically oligopolistic in structure and tend to concentrate on short-term lending as against investments with long-term gestation period. The alternative/complementary source for financing development projects is the development of debt or equity markets which at best, is at the rudimentary stage of development. It is in this regard that specialized financial institutions, including government owned development banks have been established in Nigeria to bridge the gap. The principal function of deposit money banks is the mobilization of savings for investment. The importance of banks in generating growth within an economy has been widely acknowledged, for example Schumpeter (1932) cited in Blum, Federmair, Fink, and Haiss (2002) identified bank’s role in facilitating technological innovation through their intermediary role. SchumpeterShow MoreRelatedThe Financial System in Nigeria6376 Words   |  26 PagesThe Financial System in Nigeria: An Overview of Banking Sector Reforms The Financial System in Nigeria: An Overview of Banking Sector Reforms E. J. Ofanson (Ph.D)1 O. M. Aigbokhaevbolo (Ph.D)2 G. O. Enabulu3 Abstract The paper overviews the banking sector reforms within the framework of the Nigerian Financial System. A theoretical approach was adopted although empirical evidence was presented in some cases. It was clear that developments in the banking sub-sector of the Nigerian financial systemRead MoreDiscussion of the Main Reasons that have Resulted in the Bank Disintermediation 1340 Words   |  6 PagesDisintermediation could lead to economic crisis because of the importance of banks in the economy. Banks are very important in an economy because they provide safety for depositor, provide a wide variety of loans and offer other credit vehicles like cards and overdrafts. The bank connects surplus and deficit economic agents and significantly contributes to the progress of any economy through facilitation of business. †¢ Economic Development: Banks facilitate the development of saving plans and are instrumentsRead MoreEffect of Consolidation on the Performance of Nigeria Banks9468 Words   |  38 Pagesrecent time because of the impact of globalisation which is precipitated by continuous integration of the world market and economies. Banking reforms involve several elements that are unique to each country based on historical, economic and institutional imperatives. In Nigeria, the reforms in the banking sector preceded against the backdrop of banking crisis due to highly undercapitalization deposit taking banks; weakness in the regulatory and supervisory framework; weak management practices; and theRead MoreFactors That Affects The Global Economy And Its Impact On The Nigeria And Egypt Economy1568 Words   |  7 Pagesaffects the global economy and their impact on the Nigeria and Egypt economy. In 2007, the financial crisis, which later extended to the global financial crisis began in the United States of America. The origin and elements of the 2007/2012 global financial crisis have been widely discussed in the literature throughout the period. The aim of this work is to, however, try to point out the reasons and also the macroeconomic effects of the financial crisis in both countries economy and the resultingRead MoreMacroeconomic Variables Affecting a Business Environment2192 Words   |  9 PagesDuring 2003-2007, Nigeria attempted to implement an Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS). The purp ose of NEEDS is to raise the country’s standard of living through a variety of reforms, including macroeconomic stability, deregulation, liberalization, privatization, transparency and accountability (Gbadebo, 2008). The popular view regarding the role of the financial sector, especially in a developing economy derives from its primary function of mobilizing financial resources from theRead MoreA Brief Note On Financial Development And Inequality Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesFinancial Development and Inequality in sub-Saharan Africa The relationship between how developed a countries’ industry is and how much financial inequality persists within that country are not linear across the world. Many countries within Africa have developed numerous industries with only a small percentage of countries showing modest gains in levels of inequality. Through the analysis of 10 research papers and articles this hypothesis is supported with empirical examples. The result also confirmsRead MoreThe Effect of Bank Capitalisation on the Performance of Banks in Nigeria.5696 Words   |  23 PagesThe Effect Of Bank Consolidation On The Performance Of Banks In Nigeria Edit Article ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of FormCHAPTER ONE 1.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The recapitalization and consolidation exercise in the banking industry by the former Central Bank of Nigeria Governor, Professor Charles Soludo has necessitated the need for different organization to engage in corporate Consolidation (mergers and acquisition). The concept of recapitalizationRead MoreThe Country Of Ghana And Nigeria Essay1786 Words   |  8 Pagespoverty and living in the poorest conditions? With Africa being such a rich continent of natural resources why are the countries within Africa so poor? Take for instance, the countries Ghana and Nigeria There are many countries within Africa but the main focus will be on the country of Ghana and the country of Nigeria. Both countries are poor and the people there are in poverty. Ghana has been struggling with poverty and being poor for quite some time and has been slowly trying to work its way out of povertyRead MoreCompetition Policy For Financial Crisis Essay1980 Words   |  8 PagesFULL RIGOUR OF COMPETITION POLICY 5.0 DEVELOPMENTS IN COMPETITION POLICY IN RESPONSE TO THE FINANCIAL CRISIS OF LATE 2000s 6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7.0 APPENDICES 8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY ASSIGNMENT QUESTION In the past and in many jurisdictions, the banking industry has been exempted from the full rigours of competition policy, owing to concerns that competition in banking might be harmful to the stability of the financial system. Critically evaluate the rationaleRead MoreThe Relation Between Stock Market And Market Activities Development3018 Words   |  13 PagesMARKET ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA (1970 – 2014) BY OMENUGHA, NELSON – MAYOR â€Æ' CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The aim of this chapter following the introduction in chapter one is to review the related literature of our subject matter. In this chapter, attempts will be made to review the theoretical and empirical issues. However, this chapter will be presented as follows. 2.2. The Rationale for Stock Market Development The Research and Market Development of Security and

Joseph Stalin And The Soviet Union - 2106 Words

Almost everyone knows what a monster Adolf Hitler was, but most people do not know that one of the great ally leader of World War II, Joseph Stalin, had committed even greater atrocities than Hitler. Joseph Stalin was a ruthless and yet diligent dictator of the Soviet Union, whose rise to power influenced a multitude of major events in his country’s history. Due to Stalin’s impactful reign, he made the Soviet Union become a global superpower, underwent difficult hardships such as the Great Famine in the Soviet Union, and after his death, caused the Soviet Union to go through a process known as de-Stalinization. Prior to his rise to power, Joseph Stalin’s early life had a large impact on his future as a leader of the Soviet Union. Stalin was born into a dysfunctional family in Gori, Georgia on December 21, 1879 (Joseph Stalin pbs.org). His real name however, was Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili. Then changed his last name to Stalin because he combined the Russi an word stal, which means steel, and Lenin, the name of the Soviet Union leader at the time (jewishvituallibrary.org). In keeping with his strong name, Stalin contracted and even survived smallpox at a young age, but with the only remaining evidence being a facial scar from where the smallpox where it had formed at. Stalin was sent to a seminary in Tiflis, now known as Tbilisi, to become a priest. However, Stalin never completed his education and soon became involved in the city’s active revolutionary circle ,Show MoreRelatedJoseph Stalin : The Dictator Of The Soviet Union Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph Stalin was a former general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist party of the Soviet Union. Stalin was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1929 to 1953. His Red Army helped defeat Nazi Germany during WWII. On December 18th, 1879, in the Russian peasant village of Gori, Georgia, Joseph Stalin was born. His full birthname was Josef Vissarionovich Djugashvili. He died on March 5th, 1953 in Kuntsevo Dacha. Joseph was buried in the Kremlin Wall NecropolisRead MoreJoseph Stalin And The Cult Of The Soviet Union1539 Words   |  7 PagesRhiannon Wademan Professor Prykhodoko CENS 201 15 December 2015 Joseph Stalin and The Personality Cult of the USSR Joseph Stalin is the face of the Soviet Union, and the shift from monarchy to communism, a system that promised equality and order. The Soviet Union, or the USSR, as discussed in lecture, was the first communist society, a society that emphasized the collective effort over individuality. Communism had the vision of social equality by eliminating class division, the emancipation ofRead MoreJoseph Stalin : A Leader Of The Soviet Union1561 Words   |  7 PagesHour April 1, 2016 Joseph Stalin From the start of World War II in 1939, until the year of 1953, Joseph Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union. Hitler, who was a ruthless leader of Nazi Germany from 1934-1945. He initiated WWII and oversaw fascist policies that resulted in millions of deaths ( Adolf Hitler Biography 2016). Stalin and Hitler were the two brutal leaders during this time period and the both of them took many lives and caused fear all across the nation. Joseph Stalin’s ruthless leadershipRead MoreSoviet Union Leader: Joseph Stalin Essay1035 Words   |  5 PagesJoseph Stalin’s three decade long dictatorship rule that ended in 1953, left a lasting, yet damaging imprint on the Soviet Union in political, economic and social terms. â€Å"Under his inspiration Russia has modernised her society and educated her masses†¦Stalin found Russia working with a wooden plough and left her equipped with nuclear power† (Jamieson, 1971). Although his policies of collectivisation and industr ialisation placed the nation as a leading superpower on the global stage and significantlyRead MoreWhy Did Joseph Stalin Cause Tension Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Communist Soviet1753 Words   |  8 Pages1. Identification and Evaluation of Sources Stalin’s Curse This historical investigation assesses the following question: To what extent did Joseph Stalin cause tension between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the World War II era? To grasp the true cause of the Cold War, research must include insight into separate ideals believed by each; the will of communism spread vs the will of capitalism to contain it; the anxiety of nuclear war; and the presidencyRead MoreBio of Stalin1535 Words   |  7 PagesVissarionovich Dzhugashvili Ruthless and ambitious, Joseph Stalin grabbed control of the Soviet Union after the death of V.I. Lenin in 1924. As a member of the Bolshevik party, Joseph Stalin (his adopted name, meaning Man of Steel) had an active role in Russias October Revolution in 1917. He maneuvered his way up the communist party hierarchy, and in 1922 was named General Secretary of the Central Committee. By the end of the 1920s, Joseph Stalin had expelled his rival Leon Trotsky, consolidatedRead MoreThe Cold War Was A War Between The Western And Eastern Sides Of The World Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween the United States and the Russian Soviet Union. The war started around 1945 and went on for close to 45 years. The cold war affected more than just the Soviet Union and the United States it affected the whole world. The leaders of the United States were, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Dwight David Eisenhower, and Ronald Wilson Reagan. The primary leader of the Soviet Union was Joseph Sta lin. In the paper I will talk about the person Joseph Stalin was and, what he did during the warRead MoreJoseph Stalins Power1574 Words   |  7 Pages Joseph Stalin is one of the most notorious figures in history. It all started in 1875, with a young Caucasian, Vissarion Ivanovich (son of Ivan) Djugashvili, set out from the village Didi – Lilo, near Tiflis, the capital of the Caucasus, to settle in the little Georgian country town of Gori. There he started a small shoemakers business. Vissarion Djugashvili was the son of Geogian peasants who only ten years before had still been surfs. He was just a slave to some Georgian landlord. He would neverRead MoreEvidence has shown that Stalin was not a savior to Russia by creating economic policies to help1300 Words   |  6 Pagesshown that Stalin was not a savior to Russia by creating economic policies to help with the agriculture and also modernized Russia. Stalin’s plan was to make Russia an industrial giant, so Stalin created the five-year plan to work on the farms and factories of Russia. Stalin’s five-year plans were a series of nation wide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union (Wikipedia). What that meant was that peasants who didn’t have jobs were required to work on a specific goal that Stalin had to increaseRead MoreNikita Khrushchev is a Significant Historic Leader Since the Cold War898 Words   |  4 Pagesfor the Soviet Union nation. Nikita Khrushchev job during the cold war, was he led the Soviet Union, he aided the Soviets also known as the U.S.S.R. Also, he served as a premier. Khrushchev was born in a small Russian village named kalinovka on the day April 15, 1984. He worked as a pipefitter, this was before he went into politics as he was a young man. He first worked with the communist party around 1918, and then eventually became better and took over as the leader of the Soviet Union. Khrushchev

Advancements in Rockets Free Essays

Advancements in Rockets My paper is going to inform you of the advancements that we the world have made over the years. The success and the failure that we have made and who and what has and hasn’t influenced the rocket in how its made or the look and shape and why it flew and how it flew and the advantages of having rockets and the different types of rockets. The Chinese were one of the first to start experimenting with gun powder they made arrows and attached a tube full of gun powder the escaping gas made the arrow move faster and fly farther and thus the first rocket was born. We will write a custom essay sample on Advancements in Rockets or any similar topic only for you Order Now Later the Chinese used the gun powder idea and made a bigger tube and a longer arrow to help them fly straighter they used these new rockets to defend them from the attack of Mongols in 1232 the Mongols called these rockets â€Å"arrows of flying fire† and these arrows had great psychological effects on the Mongols. Europe the Mongols took this rocket idea and spread it through out Europe. In England a monk named Roger Bacon worked on improving the gun powder to make the rockets fly farther. In France Jean Froissart found out that you can shoot rockets more accurately by shooting the rockets out of tubes. In Italy Joanes de Fontana made a water skimming torpedo that was used for setting enemy boats on fire. Rockets and Science, Sir. Newton did a lot of studying on how gravity works and found his three laws of motion witch help people advance rockets and find out how rockets would do in outer space. Newton’s law then had a great influence on the shape and the look of rockets. In about 1720 a Dutch professor designed a car with a steam propelled jet engine. Germany and Russia began working with rockets with a mass of more than 45 kilograms. Some of these rockets were so powerful that their escaping exhaust flames made holes in the ground even before it got to leave the ground. During the late 18th century to the 19th century. The success of Indian rockets against the British in 1792 and 1799 it caught the eye of artillery expert Colonel William Congreve he then set out to design the rockets for the British government his rockets then became highly successful in battle. Used by British ships in the War of 1812 they inspired Francis Scott Key to write â€Å"the rockets’ red glare,† later know as The Star- Spangled Banner. The devastating nature of war rockets was not their accuracy or power, but their numbers. In a single battle thousand of them would be fired. An Englishman, William Hale, developed a technique called spin stabilization. In this method let escaping exhaust gases to strike a small vane at the bottom of the rocket causing it to spin witch is still used to day. How to cite Advancements in Rockets, Essay examples

Forensic Investigation

Question: First, review two States and identify the requirements to become a forensic investigator. Identify the minimum requirements and if licensing is needed in those States. Answer: Requirements for becoming a forensic investigator Requirements in the state of Florida The first state chosen for analysis in forensic investigation is Florida. For becoming an expert in forensic science it is essential that any individual has to undertake the educational programs on forensic science. In Florida there exist sixteen schools that provide programs in forensic science for students. Out of these sixteen schools there are ten schools that help the students to learn forensic science by giving lessons in chemistry, biology and some other sciences that can help them gather knowledge on enforcement in law. There are also some academic measures that have forensic courses on law, criminal justice, behavioral analysis and clinical psychology. The experts in forensic science are generally trained in crime scene investigation or analysis that is done in the laboratory (Breur, Kommer, Nijboer Reijntjes, n.d.). The primary work of the crime scene investigators is to examine the scene where the crime has taken place and collect adequate evidence that includes the collection of weapons, samples of blood and other essential substances, or clothing (Edwards, 2006). They also collect fingerprints, make sketches and take photographs in the crime scene (Horswell, 2008). The educational requirement in the state of Florida varies according to the different positions an individual holds in the forensic department. These educational requirements vary from a simple high school diploma to a bachelors degree. Further consultations with the local police department also help to give information on becoming a forensic expert. The officers would be able to throw light on the requirements that is available in their departments or agencies for forensic experts. For technicians in the area of forensic science it is not essential to have a degree as is the case in a number of agencies. However, when special technological experts are required generally individuals with degrees in biology and chemistry are preferred. A degree in forensic science is always more helpful as it increases their chances for getting jobs as well as promotion in future. Colleges in Florida such as Hillsborough Community College allow students to obtain degrees and certificates in fingerprinting, technologies associated with crime scene investigation and analysis of crimes. In order to complete the course one has to complete six credits for crime analysis, four for fingerprinting, and technology for crime scene requires 28 credits (Csiacademyflorida.com, 2015). Another college the Palm Beach State College also provides degree on crime scene technologies. Some of the other courses available here include courses on photography of crime scenes, classification of fingerprints, safety issues in crime scenes and taking of evidence. Florida also situates the American Academy of Forensic Sciences that is a professional society that is totally involved with the application of science and law. There are some institutions that is governed by this organization and which offers a number of degrees in forensic science (Csiacademyflorida.com, 2015). Individuals who have worked as a police officer in the criminal are or have served as an officer in the military the chances of getting a job in this field increases. This is primarily because the experience one gains in the criminal field can be extremely helpful in this department. After a person is chosen to become a forensic investigator he or she is made to go through a training program that is supervised by the seniors in the department (Millen, 2000). In some cases it is a training session or sometimes it is a kind of an internship. With regard to licensing in this area it must be noted that there exist no particular licensing for forensic experts. However, the license exists for private investigators. It should also be noted that investigation in computer forensic is a significant part of the private investigation and controversy exists as to whether the licensing for private investigation applies to the computer forensics as well. The relevant statutes in the Florida does not mention anything regarding licensing of the forensic investigation experts. Requirements in the state of Ohio The next state chosen for analysis of forensic investigation is the state of Ohio. In this state there lies a good variety of education as well as career opportunities for the investigators specializing in forensic science. This field of forensic science has a number of diverse methods for individuals specialized in different fields of forensic study ('Forensic Evidence and Crime Scene Investigation', 2013). The role of the forensic experts is more or less the same in all the states with very minor modifications. In the state of Ohio, the scientists analyse and uncover the physical evidence for the cases. Mostly the work of the experts is in laboratories. The expert also is required to maintain data, give reports and appear as witnesses in the courts when required (Ohioattorneygeneral.gov, 2015). Hence it is also essential that the experts are well-versed with the procedures in court and also have strong skills in communication. Forensic investigators are further classified in to crime scene investigators or forensic investigators and ballisticians. The state has the Department of Job and Family Services that gives details about the trend of forensic jobs in the recent future. The forensic jobs include the jibs of forensic scientists as well as that of the crime scene investigators. There exist a number of forensic laboratories that employ forensic experts in a regular basis. The forensic experts are categorized as evidence technicians, or as forensic analysts or as lab technicians for the forensic departments (Smith, 2007). The police department of the state also hires forensic experts. With regard to certification and licensing it must be noted that generally no license or certificate is required by the forensic experts. However this criterion is subject to the specializations of the experts. For instance, in case of forensic odontologists license and certificate is required since they are dentists. Further forensic experts in computers also can get a certification by going through training programs. However, it is not a necessity in this field (Ohioattorneygeneral.gov, 2015). The primary advantage of certification is that it gives better chance for the individuals with certification to get opportunities in forensic investigation. For specialized fields of knowledge the certification becomes essential (Janovsky, 2003). The state of Ohio offers certification to the individuals who have high and special qualifications in the different fields of forensic research and investigation. The Ohio Identification Officers Association is the organization that offers certificat ion to specialized officers. With regard to licensing of the forensic experts they are no particular licensing requirements in the state for them individually. Comparative Analysis and Recommendations When a comparison is made between two states it can be observed that basic requirements are similar in both Florida and Ohio. Firstly, both the states provide ample opportunities to study forensic science in their territories. Comparatively it might be seen that the state of Florida offers wider opportunities in this regard. Secondly, with regard to certification firstly it needs to be noted that most of the states in United States do not provide for licensing of the forensic investigators. Therefore in both of the states mentioned here the certification and licensing is not required. However, in this regard the state of Ohio still recommends for certification of some of the specialized experts. It is suggested that all the states make licensing a vital criteria and a necessary part of the requirements. With the increasing number of experts in this field and also looking at the significance of the work they are involved in it is necessary to certify them. Further it is essential to c arry out training sessions for the forensic experts since this would give them an outlook of the work they would be involved. References Breur, C., Kommer, M., Nijboer, J., Reijntjes, J.New trends in criminal investigation and evidence. Csiacademyflorida.com,. (2015).CSI Academy of Florida | Hands-on Forensic Training. Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://www.csiacademyflorida.com/ Edwards, C. (2006). Science at the scene of crime.Engineering Technology,1(2), 24-25. doi:10.1049/et:20060201 Forensic Evidence and Crime Scene Investigation. (2013).J Forensic Investig,01(02). doi:10.13188/2330-0396.1000004 Horswell, E. (2008). Crime scene investigators.Seced. doi:10.12968/sece.2008.1.1073 Janovsky, T. (2003). Forensic Science - Society is Depending (Dependent?) on Us.Australian Journal Of Forensic Sciences,35(1), 161-169. doi:10.1080/00450610309410575 Millen, P. (2000). Is crime scene investigation forensic science? Are crime scene investigators forensic scientists?.Science Justice,40(2), 125-126. doi:10.1016/s1355-0306(00)71957-5 Ohioattorneygeneral.gov,. (2015).Ohio Attorney General Mike DeWine - Bureau of Criminal Investigation. Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Law-Enforcement/Bureau-of-Criminal-Investigation Smith, R. (2007). Crime scene investigators.Nature,445(7129), 794-794. doi:10.1038/nj7129-794a

Forensic Investigation

Question: First, review two States and identify the requirements to become a forensic investigator. Identify the minimum requirements and if licensing is needed in those States. Answer: Requirements for becoming a forensic investigator Requirements in the state of Florida The first state chosen for analysis in forensic investigation is Florida. For becoming an expert in forensic science it is essential that any individual has to undertake the educational programs on forensic science. In Florida there exist sixteen schools that provide programs in forensic science for students. Out of these sixteen schools there are ten schools that help the students to learn forensic science by giving lessons in chemistry, biology and some other sciences that can help them gather knowledge on enforcement in law. There are also some academic measures that have forensic courses on law, criminal justice, behavioral analysis and clinical psychology. The experts in forensic science are generally trained in crime scene investigation or analysis that is done in the laboratory (Breur, Kommer, Nijboer Reijntjes, n.d.). The primary work of the crime scene investigators is to examine the scene where the crime has taken place and collect adequate evidence that includes the collection of weapons, samples of blood and other essential substances, or clothing (Edwards, 2006). They also collect fingerprints, make sketches and take photographs in the crime scene (Horswell, 2008). The educational requirement in the state of Florida varies according to the different positions an individual holds in the forensic department. These educational requirements vary from a simple high school diploma to a bachelors degree. Further consultations with the local police department also help to give information on becoming a forensic expert. The officers would be able to throw light on the requirements that is available in their departments or agencies for forensic experts. For technicians in the area of forensic science it is not essential to have a degree as is the case in a number of agencies. However, when special technological experts are required generally individuals with degrees in biology and chemistry are preferred. A degree in forensic science is always more helpful as it increases their chances for getting jobs as well as promotion in future. Colleges in Florida such as Hillsborough Community College allow students to obtain degrees and certificates in fingerprinting, technologies associated with crime scene investigation and analysis of crimes. In order to complete the course one has to complete six credits for crime analysis, four for fingerprinting, and technology for crime scene requires 28 credits (Csiacademyflorida.com, 2015). Another college the Palm Beach State College also provides degree on crime scene technologies. Some of the other courses available here include courses on photography of crime scenes, classification of fingerprints, safety issues in crime scenes and taking of evidence. Florida also situates the American Academy of Forensic Sciences that is a professional society that is totally involved with the application of science and law. There are some institutions that is governed by this organization and which offers a number of degrees in forensic science (Csiacademyflorida.com, 2015). Individuals who have worked as a police officer in the criminal are or have served as an officer in the military the chances of getting a job in this field increases. This is primarily because the experience one gains in the criminal field can be extremely helpful in this department. After a person is chosen to become a forensic investigator he or she is made to go through a training program that is supervised by the seniors in the department (Millen, 2000). In some cases it is a training session or sometimes it is a kind of an internship. With regard to licensing in this area it must be noted that there exist no particular licensing for forensic experts. However, the license exists for private investigators. It should also be noted that investigation in computer forensic is a significant part of the private investigation and controversy exists as to whether the licensing for private investigation applies to the computer forensics as well. The relevant statutes in the Florida does not mention anything regarding licensing of the forensic investigation experts. Requirements in the state of Ohio The next state chosen for analysis of forensic investigation is the state of Ohio. In this state there lies a good variety of education as well as career opportunities for the investigators specializing in forensic science. This field of forensic science has a number of diverse methods for individuals specialized in different fields of forensic study ('Forensic Evidence and Crime Scene Investigation', 2013). The role of the forensic experts is more or less the same in all the states with very minor modifications. In the state of Ohio, the scientists analyse and uncover the physical evidence for the cases. Mostly the work of the experts is in laboratories. The expert also is required to maintain data, give reports and appear as witnesses in the courts when required (Ohioattorneygeneral.gov, 2015). Hence it is also essential that the experts are well-versed with the procedures in court and also have strong skills in communication. Forensic investigators are further classified in to crime scene investigators or forensic investigators and ballisticians. The state has the Department of Job and Family Services that gives details about the trend of forensic jobs in the recent future. The forensic jobs include the jibs of forensic scientists as well as that of the crime scene investigators. There exist a number of forensic laboratories that employ forensic experts in a regular basis. The forensic experts are categorized as evidence technicians, or as forensic analysts or as lab technicians for the forensic departments (Smith, 2007). The police department of the state also hires forensic experts. With regard to certification and licensing it must be noted that generally no license or certificate is required by the forensic experts. However this criterion is subject to the specializations of the experts. For instance, in case of forensic odontologists license and certificate is required since they are dentists. Further forensic experts in computers also can get a certification by going through training programs. However, it is not a necessity in this field (Ohioattorneygeneral.gov, 2015). The primary advantage of certification is that it gives better chance for the individuals with certification to get opportunities in forensic investigation. For specialized fields of knowledge the certification becomes essential (Janovsky, 2003). The state of Ohio offers certification to the individuals who have high and special qualifications in the different fields of forensic research and investigation. The Ohio Identification Officers Association is the organization that offers certificat ion to specialized officers. With regard to licensing of the forensic experts they are no particular licensing requirements in the state for them individually. Comparative Analysis and Recommendations When a comparison is made between two states it can be observed that basic requirements are similar in both Florida and Ohio. Firstly, both the states provide ample opportunities to study forensic science in their territories. Comparatively it might be seen that the state of Florida offers wider opportunities in this regard. Secondly, with regard to certification firstly it needs to be noted that most of the states in United States do not provide for licensing of the forensic investigators. Therefore in both of the states mentioned here the certification and licensing is not required. However, in this regard the state of Ohio still recommends for certification of some of the specialized experts. It is suggested that all the states make licensing a vital criteria and a necessary part of the requirements. With the increasing number of experts in this field and also looking at the significance of the work they are involved in it is necessary to certify them. Further it is essential to c arry out training sessions for the forensic experts since this would give them an outlook of the work they would be involved. References Breur, C., Kommer, M., Nijboer, J., Reijntjes, J.New trends in criminal investigation and evidence. Csiacademyflorida.com,. (2015).CSI Academy of Florida | Hands-on Forensic Training. Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://www.csiacademyflorida.com/ Edwards, C. (2006). Science at the scene of crime.Engineering Technology,1(2), 24-25. doi:10.1049/et:20060201 Forensic Evidence and Crime Scene Investigation. (2013).J Forensic Investig,01(02). doi:10.13188/2330-0396.1000004 Horswell, E. (2008). Crime scene investigators.Seced. doi:10.12968/sece.2008.1.1073 Janovsky, T. (2003). Forensic Science - Society is Depending (Dependent?) on Us.Australian Journal Of Forensic Sciences,35(1), 161-169. doi:10.1080/00450610309410575 Millen, P. (2000). Is crime scene investigation forensic science? Are crime scene investigators forensic scientists?.Science Justice,40(2), 125-126. doi:10.1016/s1355-0306(00)71957-5 Ohioattorneygeneral.gov,. (2015).Ohio Attorney General Mike DeWine - Bureau of Criminal Investigation. Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Law-Enforcement/Bureau-of-Criminal-Investigation Smith, R. (2007). Crime scene investigators.Nature,445(7129), 794-794. doi:10.1038/nj7129-794a